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In general, there are fabric, metallic, and rubber expansion joints. At U.S. Bellows, we manufacture:

Metallic Expansion Joints

  • Single Expansion Joints
  • Hinged Expansion Joints
  • Gimbal Expansion Joints
  • Universal Expansion Joints
  • Elbow Pressure Balanced Expansion Joints
  • In-line Pressure Balanced Expansion Joints
  • Externally Pressurized Expansion Joints
  • Toroidal Expansion Joints
  • Thick Wall Expansion Joints
  • Slip-type Expansion Joints
  • Rectangular Metallic Expansion Joints
  • Refractory Lined Expansion Joints

Fabric Expansion Joints

* Rubber (Neoprene) Expansion Joints

Single tied metallic expansion joint
Metallic Expansion Joint
111372a2
Fabric Expansion Joint
93348a1
59″ Neoprene Expansion Joint

What are the different types of expansion joints?

July 31, 1990

In general, there are fabric, metallic, and rubber expansion joints. At U.S. Bellows, we manufacture:

Metallic Expansion Joints

  • Single Expansion Joints
  • Hinged Expansion Joints
  • Gimbal Expansion Joints
  • Universal Expansion Joints
  • Elbow Pressure Balanced Expansion Joints
  • In-line Pressure Balanced Expansion Joints
  • Externally Pressurized Expansion Joints
  • Toroidal Expansion Joints
  • Thick Wall Expansion Joints
  • Slip-type Expansion Joints
  • Rectangular Metallic Expansion Joints
  • Refractory Lined Expansion Joints

Fabric Expansion Joints

* Rubber (Neoprene) Expansion Joints

Single tied metallic expansion joint
Metallic Expansion Joint
111372a2
Fabric Expansion Joint
93348a1
59″ Neoprene Expansion Joint
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When cycle testing, the length of stroke is from neutral position to the compressed movement and back to neutral position of the expansion joint.

Fatigue test
Fatigue Test

We do not air test fabric expansion joints; all welds are liquid penetrant tested.

Dye pen test
Dye Penetrant Test

We perform EJMA calculations.

Fatigue test
Fatigue Test

Dye-penetrant tests should be performed in order to check the integrity of the welds. At U.S. Bellows, all bellows undergo a dye-penetrant examination before being shipped to the customer.

Dye pen test
Dye Penetrant Test

At U.S. Bellows, we perform a variety of tests:

  • Burst Testing – The objective of the burst test is to determine the ultimate pressure resistance. Primarily conducted on bellows. Normally, hydraulic pressure is slowly increased until failure occurs.
  • Dye Penetration Testing – Liquid dye is used to locate leaks or cracks in the bellows.
  • Hydro Testing – Bellows are pressurized for 30 minutes to locate leaks or cracks. 

     

    Burst test gauge
    Burst Testing

What are the quality tests that are conducted on expansion joints?

At U.S. Bellows, we perform a variety of tests:

  • Burst Testing – The objective of the burst test is to determine the ultimate pressure resistance. Primarily conducted on bellows. Normally, hydraulic pressure is slowly increased until failure occurs.
  • Dye Penetration Testing – Liquid dye is used to locate leaks or cracks in the bellows.
  • Hydro Testing – Bellows are pressurized for 30 minutes to locate leaks or cracks. 

     

    Burst test gauge
    Burst Testing
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Expansion joints are maintenance-free. They can only be tested if the expansion joint is supplied with 2-ply testable bellows using vacuum or air pressure testing.

Number6
Air Pressure Test on a Metallic Expansion Joint

Cracks on a fatigue testing machine are detected by the loss of internal pressure that is shown pressure gauge on the machine.

Fatigue test
Fatigue Test

For pneumatic testing, air is used as the medium for testing and for helium testing they use helium, and the cost for helium is much higher.

Helium Leak Test
Helium Leak Test

burst test is performed under controlled conditions and pressure is applied over a period of one to two hours using the necessary safety precautions for all personnel involved.

Burst test gauge
Burst Testing

Blotting on a dye-penetrant test typically indicates a crack in the weld. Therefore, the crack would be repaired and the test performed once again.

Dye pen test
Dye Penetrant Test

The bellows is placed on a test machine and allowed to cycle continually until the bellows fail.

Fatigue test
Fatigue Test
Fabric Expansion Joints can withstand up to 3 PSIG (pounds per square inch gauge) or 100″ of water (H₂O) column (In pressure). If the pressure exceeds this amount, it is best to use a metallic expansion joint.

The pressure is equal on both sides for a pressure balanced expansion joint. If the pressure difference is minor, it would not be a problem, but if the pressure thrust is high, then an imbalance of forces would occur and could result in forces being transmitted to adjacent equipment.

Expjt pressubal 2
Pressure Balanced Expansion Joint

We recommend that the bellows be tested to 1.5 times the design pressure.

 

Burst test gauge
Burst Testing

 

The pressure rating is the maximum allowable pressure that the particular expansion joint can absorb. This is determined on a case-by-case basis.

Burst test gauge
Expansion Joint Burst Testing to Determine Ultimate Pressure Resistance

Pressure balance joints balance the pressure thrust forces inside of the expansion joint tie rods.

Pic 001 1
Elbow Pressure Balanced Pipe Expansion Joint

In an axial piping system, the expansion joint should be located as close as possible to a main anchor. The first pipe guide should be located at a distance of 4 pipe diameters away from the expansion joint. The second guide should be located a distance of 14 pipe diameters away from the first guide. During installation, the expansion joint should be either welded or flanged into the piping system.

89134a1version2
High Pressure Universal Tied Expansion Joint

How do you attach a high pressure joint in a piping system?

In an axial piping system, the expansion joint should be located as close as possible to a main anchor. The first pipe guide should be located at a distance of 4 pipe diameters away from the expansion joint. The second guide should be located a distance of 14 pipe diameters away from the first guide. During installation, the expansion joint should be either welded or flanged into the piping system.

89134a1version2
High Pressure Universal Tied Expansion Joint
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Yes, if they are testing just the expansion joint or if they are testing when installed, they have to make sure that the pipe line is anchored or have limit rods added to the expansion joint to absorb the pressure thrust.

91578a1
Single Metallic Expansion Joints with Limit Rods

The pressure rating an expansion joint can take depends upon pipe size and temperature. Standard units from 3 inches to 24 inches are suitable for 300 PSIG. (pounds per square inch) Higher pressures can be accommodated on a case by case basis.

Burst test gauge
Expansion Joint Burst Testing to Determine Ultimate Pressure Resistance