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Gas is a fluid that expands to fill a vessel. It is compressed easily and it will change in pressure with any change in volume or density.

Loads are parameters that affect state of stress of the piping system. For example forces, moments, pressure changes, temperature changes and thermal gradients.

Operating conditions that result in progressive physical/chemically induced deterioration of piping system lead to breach of pressure boundary and structural failure.
The parameters are size, layout, dimensional limits, and proportions of piping systems.

The four design basis to consider are

1.) Materials

2.) Physical Attributes

3.) Loading Conditions

4.) Environmental Factors

Limit stops have free movement through deflection. Also a limit stop acts as a rigid support.
Power is time rate of performing work.
Resilient springs provide variable lifting force during pipe deflection.
Guides prevent movement in one or two directions.

The Maximum Shear Theory states that pipe failure happens and the maximum shear stress exceeds shear stress at yield point of tensile test. (ASME B31.3)

The Maximum Principle Theory states that yielding happens and the magnitude of 3 perpendicular stresses exceed yield point strength of material.
The over stress theory establishes the point at which failure will occur under combined loading. This theory describes the strength of the piping system including the maximum principle stress and the maximum shear stress.
Failure by fatigue occurs due to cyclic loading. If a small crack develops it grows after each cycle an results in failure.
Failure by fracture occurs without undergoing yielding.

The second critical value of pipe sizing criteria is adjusted volumetric flow rates at the design point of the network.

The weight of pipes, valves, flanges, fittings, media and insulation would be classified as internal forces.
Deformation is when slip action of grains at sub elevated temperatures occur or elevated temperature, slip grains recrystallized lending to yield.
Principal Stress Theory and Shear Stress Theory.
Modes of failure include stress, fracture and fatigue.
The “hot” conditions refer to that point in the operating cycle when the piping reaches its final operating condition.