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Power is time rate of performing work.

The Maximum Shear Theory states that pipe failure happens and the maximum shear stress exceeds shear stress at yield point of tensile test. (ASME B31.3)

The Maximum Principle Theory states that yielding happens and the magnitude of 3 perpendicular stresses exceed yield point strength of material.
The over stress theory establishes the point at which failure will occur under combined loading. This theory describes the strength of the piping system including the maximum principle stress and the maximum shear stress.
Failure by fatigue occurs due to cyclic loading. If a small crack develops it grows after each cycle an results in failure.
Failure by fracture occurs without undergoing yielding.

The second critical value of pipe sizing criteria is adjusted volumetric flow rates at the design point of the network.

The weight of pipes, valves, flanges, fittings, media and insulation would be classified as internal forces.
Deformation is when slip action of grains at sub elevated temperatures occur or elevated temperature, slip grains recrystallized lending to yield.
Principal Stress Theory and Shear Stress Theory.
Modes of failure include stress, fracture and fatigue.
The “hot” conditions refer to that point in the operating cycle when the piping reaches its final operating condition.
The cold state of the piping system is initial and ambient.
The hot state of a piping system is full and operational.
Factors of high energy piping systems include: temperature, movements, complexity, multi-facet and volatile.
Types of treatment facilities are water and sewage.
“Balance of Plant” refers to the components of a piping system not included in the primary system. Examples are blowers, compressors and pumps.
Types of consumer facilities are food, pharmaceutical, air and refrigeration.
Piping is used in power plants, refineries, transmission, treatment and consumer facilities.
Piping systems transfer media, including solid, liquid and gas.