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Transmission lines carry water from the main source to the distribution system.

The in-plant utility’s common industrial use is the condenser-circulating system and service cooling water systems.

Services lines use small diameter pipes that run from distribution mains to user.

The four general types of water distribution are transmission lines, in-plant utility, service lines, and distribution mains.

Three types of piping systems discussed are water, process, and power.

Isolation valves are usually provided if the location of the nozzle is below the column level or on small bore lines which are more susceptible to damage.

Flanged connections should be outside of the skirt to minimize leakage in confined space.

Pipe supports will be attached to the side of the vessel.

Configurations of water distribution systems include loop, grid, and tree.

The thermal expansion should be taken into account between the vessel and the piping.

Piping should drop or rise immediately upon leaving the tower nozzle and run parallel along the side of the vessel using the wind load on the nozzle as constraint.

The nozzle location is controlled by the vessel engineer.

Vessel specifications will be determined by the process engineer. Specifications include the size/capacity, pressure rating, wall thickness, material, type of connection, etc.

Flammable liquids are filled near the bottom of tank to prevent static electricity buildup.

Feed tanks separate feed and discharge systems.

Block valves are supplied on any nozzles below tank level.

The technostructure functions as a differential settlement between the tank and the piping supports.

The support staff functions as the weight of piping, valves, and contents.

The three application guidelines of tanks include feed tanks, block valves, and flammable liquids.

An operating core has tank shell radial movements and nozzle rotations while filling and emptying tank.